Regenerated Medicines of Cellulosic Hydrogels for Cytocompatibility of Tissue Skin and Biocompatibility

Abstract

Tissue and organ shortages have been identified as a major public health challenge with low percentage of patients receiving transplantations. The promise of regenerative medicine is founded on the potential and ability to regenerate and replace damage tissues. Recently, regenerative medicine showed promising results for replacement of several tissues including skin, liver, and kidney (Giwa et al., 2017; Jones and Bes, 2012). For regenerative medicine strategies to be successful, the materials used must be able to replace the damage tissue and be able to function as the original tissue or stimulate regeneration of the original tissue, and therefore are necessary for biocompatibility and cytocompatibility (Colvin et al., 2017; Hart et al., 2017; Israni et al., 2017). For biomimetics of the extracellular matrix (ECM) such material used for decades has been offering more than just support or function as physical structure. These materials can promote tissue regeneration and deliver growth factors and other molecules to promote growth of cells. In recent years, several approaches have been reported scaffolds elaboration from cellulosic source. The obtained materials showed good cyto and biocompatibility properties and placing biopolymers as a popular and suitable option to elaborate materials for medical applications (Kobayashi and Tovar-Carrillo, 2015). Moreover, waste bagasse is rich in cellulose fibers, and became an attractive option to elaborate scaffold offering an alternative used for this waste industrial product. It has been reported, the obtaining of cellulose hydrogels from waste bagasse. These hydrogels showed great mechanical and physical properties, as well as good cyto and biocompatibility. Cellulose hydrogels exhibited higher protein adsorption, cell adhesion and density than the commercial materials used for cell culture assays. In addition, during in-vivo assays, the obtained hydrogels significantly reduce the time of wound healing in an animal model. For these reasons, cellulosic scaffolds became a proper option for medical fields, such as dental, nursery, surgical, orthopedic, and so on, including wound healing, drug delivery. In the case of materials for tissue regeneration applications, several factors must be considered such as cellular source. These considerations will allow proper cell-cell and cell-biomaterial interactions. The integration of thematerial requiresmaintaining of the new tissue for long time term without any adverse reaction of the body. In addition, one important part of regenerative medicine is chronic wound treatment (Shafiee and Atala, 2016; Pareta et al., 2012; Orlando et al., 2010). Chronic wounds can be assigned to burn wounds or diabetic patient wounds, and there are difficult to treat. When healing process is interrupted in any stages, wounds fail to heal in the normal period and become chronic or non-healing wounds like in the case of diabetic patients. The incidence of non-healing wounds is constantly increasing due to no health lifestyle and the aging population worldwide. The efficient management of chronic wounds is further compromised by their complexity and patient variability. Based on this manner, necessity of a material to offer protection and healing of chronic wounds rise. In addition, wound infection is another difficult-to-treat complication in non-healing wounds. In this scenario, advanced treatments strategies are essential to reduce the morbidity rates associated to non-healing wounds (Gao and Cui, 2016; Guan et al., 2017; Goncalves et al., 2017). A straightforward þway to achieve this goal is the development of new wound dressing materials. Cellulose hydrogels become suitable candidate materials for treatment of chronic wounds. It has been reported that cellulose hydrogels are capable to address different aspects of wound healing process and induce rapid healing at reasonable cost with minimal inconvenience to the patients. Moreover, cellulose hydrogels could be used as alternative strategies to solve dental, orthopedic, and surgery needs. These hydrogels possess good mechanical properties and advantages such as non-toxic, biocompatible, high bio-integration and tissue regeneration properties. Besides this, hydrogels are suitable 3D-scaffolds elaborated from waste bagasse fibers, offering an alternative use for industrial disposals at low cost, bio-gradable, and biocompatible candidates to solve several regenerative medicine needs.