Biological pacemakers obtained through cellular differentiation for the restoration of sinoatrial node function

Abstract

Heart disease is one of the leading causes of death in the world. It is urgent to develop new monitoring and treatment techniques related to diseases of the heart's electrical system with the ability to generate and send electrical impulses. Recently, the development of biological pacemakers has gained importance especially in research on the differentiation of stem cells into cardiomyocytes or sinoatrial node (SAN) cells that can generate electrical impulses without the need for any external factor. The research is aimed at observing the action potential (AP) and If current relationship based on their depolarization and hyperpolarization in preclinical models. The present work aims to identify AP and If current values from recent reports to determine whether cardiomyocytes derived from embryonic hESC-CMs or induced plu-ripotent iPSC-CMs fulfill the function of pacemaker cells in the sinoatrial node in preclinical models based on the criteria of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews. Results show that the PA values were reflect-ed between -40mV and 60mV and the If current ratio between -60mV and -80mV increased heart rate in preclinical models. Findings from this review will be informative for researchers seeking to prioritize future advances in the development of biological pacemakers.