Most Frequent Oral and Craniofacial Clinical Characteristics Associated with Syndromes

Abstract

A syndrome is defined as a set of distinctive and clinically recognizable traits, characteristics, or multiple anomalies that occur simultaneously in an individual from birth. Patients with Down, Edwards, Patau, Treacher Collins, Oro- digito-facial, and Cri-du-Chat syndromes commonly present with one of the most frequent congenital nasal anomalies: nasal hypoplasia. This condition is characterized by atrophy of the subcutaneous tissues, skin, alar cartilage, and/or bone components of the nose. Other syndromes, such as Wolf–Hirschhorn, Apert, Crouzon, Cornelia de Lange, and Robinow, often exhibit a depressed or broad nasal bridge, another frequent nasal abnormality. Additionally, a pointed or broad nasal morphology is commonly observed in Rubinstein–Taybi syndrome, as well as in Nance–Horan and Opitz syndromes, which are likewise associated with a prominent nasal appearance. Given these diverse presentations, it is essential for dental practitioners to be familiar with the craniofacial manifestations of syndromic conditions. This knowledge not only facilitates accurate diagno- sis but also promotes the formation of multidisciplinary teams capable of providing comprehensive care to affected patients. Due to the complexity and nonspecificity of available information focused solely on the oral region, further research is required to expand current understanding and better equip dentists to deliver optimal clinical outcomes.